Ballard Power Systems lebt noch (Wieder)

So schnell wie der Aufstieg war geht nun der Abstieg, kurzer Ausflug nach oben. Bei fallenden Märkten unter 5 Euro zu haben, dann wieder grösserer Einstieg.

Meine bescheidene Meinung  

So schnell wie Aktienmädel bei steigenden Kursen endlich weg war, kommen die Ratten bei fallenden Kursen wieder. Niveaulose Posts ab fallende Kurse.

Nur mein bescheidener Mundstuhl..... ;-)  

nachrichten

https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/...dia-hydrogen-hub

Mukesh Ambani’s US$75 billion plan to turn India into a hydrogen hub
Asia’s richest man is likely to opt for hydrogen in a bid to avoid India’s wholesale electricity market, analysts say
Ambani has vowed to produce green hydrogen at US$1 per kilogram, a more than 60 per cent reduction from today’s costs

Bloomberg, Published: 6:01pm, 30 Jan, 2022
...
The number of countries with a hydrogen strategy doubled last year to 26, and expected plans from the US, Brazil, India and China could reshape the global market, according to Bloomberg research. But the sector is still experimental and far from commercially viable. India is relying on the country’s billionaires, including Ambani and his rival Gautam Adani, to lead the way.
...
India plans to unveil its first green hydrogen policy in about 10 days, laying out incentives to draw investment in the sector, Power Minister Raj Kumar Singh said at a virtual seminar on Thursday  

Korean Industrial Giant Hyosung Plans $835 Million For Green Hydrogen Projects

https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2022/...s/?sh=5a70b1126011

Amid a global push to curb carbon emissions, South Korean industrial conglomerate Hyosung Group plans to invest 1 trillion won (about $835 million) in green hydrogen facilities in South Jeolla Province at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula.

According to local media reports, Hyosung Group, led by billionaire Cho Hyun-joon, will build an electrolysis plant—which splits water into oxygen and clean-burning hydrogen—with a 10 megawatt capacity to produce 200,000 metric tons of green hydrogen annually, or hydrogen made using renewable energy. Once completed, it will be the largest such facility in Korea, according to the local media reports.

...
Other major Korean companies are also expressing interest: Hyundai Motor made a deal last year with European chemical giant Ineos to explore joint development of hydrogen technology, and SK Group received a $2 billion boost in November from U.S. private equity giant KKR to help fuel the South Korean conglomerate’s plans to become a hydrogen powerhouse.  

https://vision-mobility.de/news/...miere-fuer-elektro-bus-124847.html
27.01.2022Johannes Reichel
von Claus Bünnagel
Der E-Mobility Spezialist Quantron AG bringt einen eigenen vollelektrischen Stadtbus auf den Markt. Der Cizaris wird im Rahmen einer Online-Präsentation weltweit vorgestellt werden. Busbetreiber, Busfans und die Öffentlichkeit können die Fahrzeugvorstellung am 16. Februar um 10 Uhr (MEZ) unter event.quantron.net live verfolgen.

Brennstoffzellenversion folgt später

Der emissionsfreie Stadtbus ist zunächst als BEV-Version mit einem Preis erhältlich, der unter dem aktuellen Preisniveau vergleichbarer Modelle liegt. Quantron möchte auf diese Weise eine kosteneffiziente Alternative zu herkömmlichen Dieselbussen anbieten. Die FCEV-Variante des 12-m-Fahrzeugs mit Brennstoffzellen von Ballard Power Systems befindet sich bereits in der Entwicklung.


https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/quantron-cizaris/

Quantron to digitally unveil its 12-meter e-bus Cizaris on 16th February
Quantron AG is launching its own all-electric city bus. The vehicle Cizaris will be showcased worldwide as part of an online presentation. Initially planned for end 2021, the event is scheduled for February 16 at 10 am (CET) at event.quantron.net live. Quantron Cizaris: fuel cell version to come The zero-emission city bus is initially available […]

26 January 2022 by Editorial Staff
The zero-emission city bus is initially available as a BEV version «with a price that is below the current price level for comparable BEV buses», German Quantron says. In this way, the company seeks to enable environmentally friendly passenger transport and offer a cost-effective alternative to conventional diesel buses. The FCEV version of the 12 m vehicle with fuel cells from Ballard Power Systems is already under development.  

https://www.yumpu.com/it/document/read/66311382/...inable-bus-2022-02
 

wegen steigender projekte weltweit

https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/business/...ecome-hydrogen-city/

BP gets the nod for £215m ‘hub’ as Aberdeen shapes up to become hydrogen city

Plans to make Aberdeen a global leader for hydrogen production have taken a giant leap forward.

Energy giant BP today (February 3) won approval to become a joint venture partner of Aberdeen City Council (ACC) to build Scotland’s first “scalable” green hydrogen production plant,

It is hoped the project will put the Granite City at the heart of a new export industry, helping to unlock new economic opportunities worth upwards of £700 million to Scotland’s economy by 2030.

It is also expected to lead to thousands of high-value jobs in Aberdeen and the surrounding region.

Aberdeen has a worldwide reputation as a pioneering hydrogen city.

Jenny Laing, leader, Aberdeen City Council.

A site has not yet been identified for the hydrogen “hub”, which is expected to cost £215m to set up and run over 10 years.

BP was unveiled as the council’s preferred partner last October.

ACC’s city growth and resources committee has now rubber-stamped the tie-up.

It follows a clash between the Scottish Greens and Tories over BP’s involvement.

North-east Green MSP Maggie Chapman raised her “concern” at Holyrood over the partnership, following reports BP paid a private firm to track climate activists.#

Ms Chapman claimed BP was responsible for “huge environmental damage across the planet”, saying its treatment of workers around the world had been “questionable”.

But the Scottish Conservatives accused the Greens for “trying to derail” the hydrogen hub project.

‘Transformative step’
Following today’s official approval for BP, ACC leader Jenny Laing said the investment in clean energy would be a transformative step for Aberdeen on its route to net-zero.

She added: “This is a huge announcement for Aberdeen.

“It supports the delivery of our net-zero vision and paves the way for the city to be a world leader in the production of hydrogen-based green fuel and energy.

“It will help create a cleaner, more sustainable city for local people and it also provides us with the opportunity to create hundreds of skilled jobs and add millions to the Aberdeen economy.”

Councillor Laing continued: “Aberdeen has a worldwide reputation as a pioneering hydrogen city.

“By working in partnership with BP we intend to put Aberdeen at the forefront of the green economic recovery.”

Louise Kingham, UK head of country and senior vice-president for Europe, BP, said the energy firm’s involvement was part of its commitment to “providing integrated energy solutions to help cities and corporations decarbonise.

Ms Kingham added: “This hydrogen hub proposal can help do just that.

“We look forward to working with the local authority to deliver this…, drawing on the skills and expertise of our people and their vast experience delivering complex energy projects.”

The proposed Aberdeen Hydrogen Hub (AHH) is another feather in the cap for the Granite City as the world grapples with new technologies to replace fossil fuels.

More than two million passengers have already travelled on the city’s eco-friendly hydrogen buses since they were introduced in 2015.

It is estimated the CO2 savings to date are in excess of 100 tonnes.

The world’s first hydrogen-power double decker buses made their debut on the city’s road network just over a year ago.

City growth and resources committee convener Ryan Houghton said: “I am incredibly proud of this next step Aberdeen is making with our commercial partner BP, which has advised the council on the delivery of our energy transition strategic infrastructure plan and this exciting announcement builds on that work.

“We’re proud that hydrogen is already here in Aberdeen and this significant commercial partnership with BP is set to support our ambitions.”

Councillor Houghton added: “We plan to create a blueprint which can be replicated around the world by the cities and regions looking to reach net-zero.

“Aberdeen’s position as a leader in the energy industry requires ongoing investment and partnership – and the hydrogen hub is a fantastic example.”

Catalyst for growing hydrogen take-up
A report to committee members today said managing hydrogen demand across fleets and increasing production of the gas, while co-ordinating supplies and training could lower the cost of the gas.

It would also act as a catalyst for growing hydrogen fuel take-up within growth sectors of the local economy, the report said.

It added: “This would then create significant economic opportunities as part of an energy transition in the city and shire region.”

How will the hydrogen ‘hub’ take shape?
It is envisaged the AHH will be developed in three phases in response to growing demand for hydrogen.

Initial production for public sector consumption, including the provision of a “resilient, cost-effective supply of hydrogen on a commercial basis to the market to support both existing and proposed transport projects”.
Expansion in the short to medium term to connect to “larger volume utilisation of hydrogen – rail, trucks and marine use”.
Hydrogen for heat and export as part of a “whole-system approach to supply and demand”, with an innovation, skills and transition “hub” supporting expansion of the local supply chain.  

China’s Hydrogen Industrial Strategy
February 3, 2022

https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-hydrogen-industrial-strategy

This commentary is part of Energy Rewired, a project from the CSIS Energy Security and Climate Change Program studying the industrial strategies of major economies for the energy transition. The project examines countries’ big bets on emerging energy technologies and how these will rewire the world’s energy map.

Key Points
Despite the absence of a national strategy for hydrogen development, provincial governments and commercial enterprises in China have launched hydrogen projects to support fuel cell vehicle (FCV) deployment and produce renewable-based hydrogen.

China is already the largest hydrogen producer (mostly from unabated fossil fuels) and the third-largest market for FCVs in the world.

A massive renewable power generation capacity in China could help underpin the rapid expansion of renewable-based hydrogen.

The vast potential for renewable-based hydrogen production and the significant energy consumption profile may mean that China would become neither an exporter nor an importer of hydrogen.

The transportation sector, particularly trucks and buses, may remain China’s focus for hydrogen application, although hydrogen use in industrial sectors seems to be emerging.
Analysis
Vision

China is the largest producer of hydrogen today, at about 25 million tons (Mt), or roughly a quarter of the global total. Most of the volume is produced from fossil fuels (60 percent from coal, and 25 percent from natural gas) as feedstocks in refineries or chemical facilities. However, China is increasingly exploring cultivating the production and consumption of lower-emission hydrogen to help meet energy needs and spur industrial development while also addressing climate concerns. In particular, China’s 2060 carbon neutrality commitment made in 2020 is a major policy-oriented development that could aid the shift in hydrogen production away from fossil fuels to renewables, greater deployment of FCVs, and the use of hydrogen in harder-to-abate sectors.

While China has not yet announced a national hydrogen strategy, hydrogen demand outlook suggests strong growth. The China Hydrogen Alliance, a government-supported industry group launched in 2018, forecasts China’s hydrogen demand to reach 35 Mt in 2030 (at least 5 percent of the Chinese energy supply) and 60 Mt in 2050 (10 percent). Meanwhile, the same organization also projects that renewable-based hydrogen production could reach 100 Mt by 2060, accounting for 20 percent of the country’s final energy consumption.

China’s interest in hydrogen development began with its use in the transportation sector in the early 2000s as policymakers saw the growing auto sector and the attendant rise in fuel imports as a source of strategic vulnerability and an aggravator to air pollution in cities . At the end of 2020, there were 8,400 FCVs deployed in China, making the country the third-largest FCV market and the first for fuel cell trucks and buses in the world. Under the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology Roadmap, released in 2016, China sought a national fleet of over 50,000 FCVs and 300 hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) by 2025, and 1 million FCVs and 1,000 HRSs by 2030 . The outlook for HRS deployment is stronger today. According to the New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan, published in October 2020, HRS capacity could grow from 72 units as of mid-2020 to 2,000 units by 2035, suggesting an accelerated pace for infrastructure rollout.

The cost of hydrogen production from coal remains very low in China: producing coal-based hydrogen costs roughly half as much as renewable-based hydrogen . The cost disadvantage hampers green hydrogen development, which currently accounts for 1.5 percent of the total national hydrogen supply . Yet, China’s central government appears increasingly focused on the prospect for green hydrogen development, illuminating a potential combination of energy storage and hydrogen technologies in the context of expanding renewable energy supplies.

Home to the largest installed renewable power generation capacity in the world today, China plans to double its solar and wind generation capacity from nearly 600 gigawatts (GW) in 2020 to 1,200 GW by 2030. Insofar as the capacity of installed renewables is not an obstacle in China, it warrants close attention as to how quickly the cost falls for electrolysis, whereby electrolyzers use electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. For example, a report by the Hydrogen Council notes that electrolysis at the current levelized cost of electricity in China is already competitive with low-carbon production technology, such as coal gasification with the capture and storage of carbon emissions, and suggests that electrolysis would become the lowest-cost low-carbon production technology in all Chinese locations by 2030.

Even in the absence of a national strategy, Chinese companies have begun investing in and manufacturing electrolyzers. As of 2020, China accounted for 8 percent of the global stock of electrolyzers of 290 MW and for 35 percent of the global manufacturing capacity of electrolyzer equipment and components. China is fast emerging as a major home to installed electrolysis capacity. In 2022, the Chinese capacity is expected to be five times greater than in 2021, accounting for more than 60 percent of the global total in 2022. The China Hydrogen Alliance is calling for 100 GW electrolyzer capacity by 2030 to produce green hydrogen. Moreover, although Europe is the top electrolyzer manufacturer (at 60 percent), vastly cheaper Chinese electrolyzers have made China the top electrolyzer supplier in the world .

Strategy

Hydrogen emerged in prominence following its mention in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) as a “frontier” area and one of the six industries for focused advancement. Many subnational governments and central government authorities—such as the National Energy Administration (NEA) as well as the Ministries of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), Finance (MOF), and Science and Technology (MOST)—published policies to support the development of the hydrogen economy, including FCV-standard development and hydrogen production, storage, and transportation.

The Chinese government has been a key spender on hydrogen development, including research and development (R&D). Toward the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020), China’s hydrogen technology R&D spending increased sixfold, to a little over $600 million in 2019 . Also, the statewide subsidy program is available to support the development of fuel cell batteries .

Moreover, a number of funds have been set up for investment in the development and application of hydrogen, including the Shanxi Hydrogen Energy Industrial Fund in 2021. Participants in these funds have included state-owned enterprises (SOEs), research institutions, universities, local governments, and commercial entities. While less common, hydrogen projects have also received bank loans, bonds, and equity investments. Lastly, while Europe leads in hydrogen start-ups, China is emerging as a source of hydrogen technology start-ups and venture capital for scale-up.

Specific to the transportation sector, hydrogen/fuel cell use lags that of electric vehicles (EVs) in China, although Made in China 2025—a 10-year industrial plan to upgrade China’s manufacturing industry, released in 2015—included hydrogen as a key technology in the new energy vehicle (NEV) sector development. The Chinese government classifies FCVs as one type of NEV, which also includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In fact, China’s primary focus has been on the development and deployment of EVs such as BEVs and PHEVs. By the first half of 2020, China had an EV fleet of over 4 million units, compared to an FCV fleet of 7,000 units. A combination of generous subsidies for production and sales led EV sales in China to grow 160 percent in 2021 alone, to about 2.91 million units.

There are some indications that China’s NEV support is becoming more technology neutral than before. Under the New Energy Vehicle Industrial Development Plan for 2021 to 2035, released in 2020, the government calls for raising the market goals for the entire fleet of NEVs—a departure from the earlier focus on BEVs and PHEVs only. The plan targets 1 million FCVs and 2,000 HRSs, although the share of EVs in all NEVs is to reach about 95 percent by 2035.

NEVs have been a specific focus of public spending support. For example, the national government has provided tax reduction and subsidies for FCVs, ranging from RMB 20,000 to RMB 50,000 (about $3,200 to $7,900) depending on the type of the vehicles and the capacity of fuel cells. Notably, the NEV support is beginning to shift away from direct subsidies, which are being phased out between 2020 and 2022 at an annual reduction rate of 10 percent and withdrawn altogether by the end of 2022. Instead of direct subsidies, public financial support will take the forms of tax exemptions (e.g., no vehicle purchase tax), charging subsidies, parking incentives, and incentives for R&D investment from SOEs.

Decarbonization and carbon neutrality considerations are beginning to propel China to begin demonstrating hydrogen use in sectors beyond transportation where greenhouse gas emissions have proven harder to abate. For example, the world’s largest electrolysis plant dedicated to producing hydrogen for use in the chemical sector is being built in Ningxia Province. Also, a small yet commercial-scale steelmaking project that uses hydrogen is being developed in Hebei.

In fact, SOEs are emerging as a key driving force. According to China’s State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, over one-third of SOEs are making plans for hydrogen production, storage, distribution, and utilization. For example, Sinopec—one of China’s top national oil companies—has built 31 HRSs in 17 provinces and cities . The energy SOE is active in green hydrogen development as well. Sinopec is pursuing its goal of becoming the largest national hydrogen producer, with initial planned investment s of about $4.6 billion in the next five years covering projects such as a photovoltaic hydrogen production project in Xinjiang, a wind and optical power hydrogen plant in Inner Mongolia, and offshore wind power hydrogen production in Fujian Province. Also, State Power Investment Corp.—the largest renewable asset owner in the world—is not only involved in the HRS business but also aiming to build 10 GW of electrolyzer manufacturing capacity by 2027. While non-SOEs are present in the hydrogen sector, they appear to be limiting their activities to electrolyzer development for now.

Geography

Notwithstanding the absence of a national hydrogen strategy, by April 2021, 23 of China’s provinces and municipalities had identified hydrogen as a key economic priority or formulated hydrogen development plans, including in their own five-year plans . Plans by Beijing and Jiangsu Province include accelerating the planning and construction of HRSs, while Zhejiang Province aims to use hydrogen in combined power and heating, use FCVs in public and port logistics transportation, and combine hydrogen production with offshore wind capacity.

The growing number of hydrogen projects in China span the geography of the country. For example, in the coastal province of Shandong, which is among the richest provinces, hydrogen is expected to play a key role in energy supply and for economic development. Sinopec has built a large fuel cell supply demonstration project in the province, with a total investment of $7.35 million. Its annual hydrogen production capacity of 22.5 Mt would meet the hydrogen demand for the entire province.

Another example is Inner Mongolia, where the provincial energy-planning ministry plans to develop seven wind and solar power projects in the cities of Ordos and Baotou that could produce nearly 67,000 tons of low-carbon hydrogen a year. The second-largest coal-producing province in China, Inner Mongolia has also become the largest renewable power producer province. Inner Mongolia targets 100,000 tons a year of green hydrogen capacity by 2023, including 60 HRSs and over 3,800 FCVs operating in the mining, logistics, and public transportation sectors.

Furthermore, under the four-year program to advance hydrogen technology research and supply chain development, the national government has selected five city groups—the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cluster, Guangdong and Henan Provinces, and Shanghai—for demonstration projects, where local governments that satisfy specific targets will be awarded up to RMB 1.7 billion (about $269 million) as a fiscal bonus.

A mismatch between the demand from more industrialized coastal areas in the east and the supply from more resource-rich areas in the west and northwest has long been a characteristic of energy market dynamics in China. Insofar as hydrogen is a flexible energy carrier and not a natural resource itself, whether and how a geographical mismatch shapes the path for hydrogen market development in China warrants close attention.

Jane Nakano is a senior fellow in the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C.

This commentary is made possible by support from the Hewlett Foundation.

Commentary is produced by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a private, tax-exempt institution focusing on international public policy issues. Its research is nonpartisan and nonproprietary. CSIS does not take specific policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, and conclusions expressed in this publication should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).

© 2022 by the Center for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved.

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Asia, China, Climate Change, Energy Rewired, Energy Security and Climate Change Program, Energy and Sustainability
 

https://rethinkresearch.biz/articles/...-fcev-vehicles-hit-overdrive/
26 January 2022
Buses and trucks accelerate as Chinese FCEV vehicles hit overdrive

China is quickly and quietly taking control of the hydrogen fuel cell market, with market activity over the past year dwarfing that across the rest of the world. While the country pushes to catch up with electrolyzer technologies, it could be set to dominate demand-side sectors in the hydrogen economies, if international competitors fail to step up their pace.

Throughout 2021, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle production in China increased by 48% to 1,777 units. Around 35% of this was achieved in December, according to the latest data released by the China Auto Association.

But the real headline figure is production capacity, which exploded five-fold through the year, even despite strict lockdown measures in many provinces across the country. From an 8,000 unit-per-year capacity at the start of 2021, the five major fuel cell manufacturers have all expanded production capacity, with their cumulative annual capacity now surpasses  45,000 units.

Sinohytec has expanded its initial 2,000 unit capacity in Beijing to 10,000 units. Shanghai REFIRE now has two 5,000 unit facilities in operation in the provinces of Guangdong and Tianjin, having previously had an overall production capacity of just 2,000 units. Sinosynergy expanded its 2,000 unit facility in Guangdong to 5,000 units.

Jiangsu Horizon saw the largest annual growth, with its 1,000 unit facilities in Guangdong now having a combined potential output of 10,000 units a year. Nowogen and Zhejiang HydroT Tech also cut tape on their first large scale facilities, with production capacities of 2,000 units and 5,000 units respectively.

Part of the drive comes ahead of China’s pledge for a ‘carbon neutral’ Winter Olympics later this year, with a key focus placed on hydrogen-based public transport. This week, The Beijing Public Transport Corporation announced that it will use 212 hydrogen buses in Beijing throughout the 2022 Winter Olympics, as part of 11,000 new energy vehicles for the games. The co-hosting city of Zhangjiakou also already has 444 fuel cell buses in operation.

In total, Beijing plans to have 10,000 fuel cell vehicles on its roads by 2025, serviced by 74 refueling stations. It has forecast its hydrogen use for road transport and power generation to reach 50 tons a day by 2023, and 135 tons by 2025. Between 2021 and 2025, some 4,400 trucks are expected to shift to fuel cells, displacing 145,000 tons of diesel consumption annually, according to a government report. By 2030, the Chinese government wants to have one million fuel cell vehicles on its roads.

In fact, China has already quietly established a leading share in the fuel cell vehicle market. Of the 5,000 fuel cell buses in operation worldwide, around 3,300 have been in installed in China alone, ahead of Europe (around 1,300), and North America (less than 100).

Along with this, throughout 2021, China also doubled its number of hydrogen refueling stations. Led by the provinces of Jiangsu (20) and Shandong (11), Guangdong (10), and Beijing, a total of 100 new stations entered operation throughout the year, bringing the total number across the country to 218.

The country’s largest oil refiner, Sinopec, has also recently upped its green hydrogen plans, with a 20,000 ton-per-year electrolyzer facility set to come online in 2023, as well as signing a deal with Cummins for an electrolyzer Gigafactory in the southern province of Guangdong from 2028 onwards. It also plans to build 1,000 refueling stations by 2025.

It is estimated that more than 400 policies have been signed in China over the past two years, by central or local governments, to support the early buildout of the country’s hydrogen economy. The initial focus has been on fuel cell vehicles, including a nationwide subsidy for their deployment.

The latest version of this, effective between 2020 and 2023, aims to promote hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong Foshan city clusters, with subsidies of $240 million over the period.

Small vehicles were each subsidized by the government to the tune of $39,000. Light trucks and commercial vehicles weighing less than 12 tons will receive a standard subsidy of $33,000, with larger units – including large buses – receiving $58,000. The subsidies fell to 92% of their original level in 2021 and will sit at 85% of their original level this year. In 2023, they will again fall to 69% of this. However, high performance components, such as fuel cell stacks, may warrant some extra subsidy, if awarded by an expert committee in the city cluster’s local government.

With this subsidy environment incentivizing large-scale and high-performance fuel cell vehicles, it is no surprise that hydrogen buses and refueling stations saw an uptick through 2021.

Similar growth was seen across China’s fuel cell truck segment, with companies including Sky-well, Foshan Feichi, and Dayun, all ramping up their order books to compete with western OEMs like Nikola and Hyzon Motors. The trio delivered 142 FCEV trucks to the Chinese market in 2020.

Beijing-based Beiqi Foton Motor said in September that it hopes to sell 4,000 hydrogen vehicles by 2023, and 15,000 such vehicles by 2025, while overseas manufacturer Hyundai has signed two letters of intent with Chinese companies to supply a total of 4,000 fuel cell trucks to China by 2025.  

https://rethinkresearch.biz/articles/...-worlds-largest-electrolyzer/
2 February 2022
China breaks record for world’s largest electrolyzer

The global installed electrolyzer capacity has grown by 50% overnight, with Baofeng Energy bringing the world’s largest project online in the Chinese region of Ningxia.

The 150 MW alkaline electrolyzer – powered by a 200 MW solar array – is five times larger than the previous record holder: another 30 MW project that Baofeng commissioned in April last year. The record before that has been held by Air Liquide’s 20 MW Becancour project in Canada, installed last January.

The new project reportedly came online on December 22 last year, although Baofeng has kept it curiously quiet. This may be partly to do with the project being not explicitly a producer of ‘green’ hydrogen. Rather than solely using solar power, the project can also be powered by grid electricity, which can make its resultant emissions up to 50% greater than when producing grey hydrogen using natural gas – especially within China’s coal-heavy power grid.

There is also some skeptical reporting around the project’s capabilities. While Baofeng claims that the project can produce 27,000 tons of hydrogen per year, a 150 MW project operating at maximum efficiency of 80% and running 24/7, would only be able to produce 26,000 tons.

Some aspersions have also been cast over Baofeng’s calculation that the green hydrogen it is producing is at a cost of $1.2 per kilogram, which would already make it cost competitive with existing grey hydrogen feedstocks (typically costing between $1.0 and $1.7 per kilogram in China).

Analysts from Bloomberg have pointed out that Baofeng’s calculations “apply linear depreciation to all of its equipment costs over 25 years, while ignoring capital and system degradation. It also assumes continuous electricity supply without addressing the cost of using grid power. BloombergNEF estimates the actual H2 production cost measured in a levelized metric following industry routine is at least twice Baofeng’s statement.”

Still, even if the figure is closer to $2.4 per kilogram, it still sits far below the $6 to $10 per kilogram figures that many analysts – including Bloomberg – had predicted for green hydrogen in 2022.

Rethink Energy had estimated that a price of $2.92 per kilogram would have been achieved in China by 2022, falling to $1.50 in 2030 and $0.70 in 2050. Baofeng’s record-breaking project is an early sign that cost curves for hydrogen will fall far faster than even the most bullish estimates.

The new capacity record is unlikely to be held for long, with the global pipeline for electrolyzer projects now surpassing X GW. Baofeng itself also recently revealed plans to build at least 150 MW of electrolyzer projects per year through to 2040.

It will certainly be surpassed by the 260 MW project that China’s state-owned oil giant Sinopec started constructing back in December when it comes online in mid-2023. Based in the province of Xinjiang in the country’s Northwest, this project will be powered by an equal amount of solar and wind power, with a 300 MW solar plant set to be co-located with the electrolyzer units.

Sinopec expects that its 260 MW electrolyzer in Xinjiang will pump out 20,000 tons of green hydrogen per year, with a utilization rate of 48.8%. This output, however, will only displace 0.5% of the company’s current annual hydrogen production, most of which is used in oil refining.

China is currently the world’s largest producer of hydrogen, producing around 22 million tons per year – 30% of the global total – using it primarily as a raw material to produce plastics or chemicals. Sinopec is responsible for 11% of China’s total production, with a capacity to produce 3.9 million tons of grey hydrogen per year.

The company also has plans to build 1,000 hydrogen refueling stations during the 14th Five-Year Plan period to 2025 and has three more green hydrogen projects in its pipeline: two in Inner Mongolia; and one with an offshore wind farm off the coast of Fujian. It hopes to become China’s largest hydrogen energy company, aiming to produce of one million tons of green hydrogen per year between 2021 and 2025.

Sinopec also recently formed a JV with Cummins that will build a 1 GW factory to manufacture PEM electrolyzers in the city of Foshan. The $47 million plant will have an initial production capacity of 500 MW upon completion in 2023, rising to 1 GW when fully developed in 2028.

British oil major Shell also recently announced that green hydrogen production had started at its 20 MW electrolyzer in Zhangjiakou, which will supply around half of the green hydrogen for the fuel cell vehicles at the Beijing Winter Olympic Games, which started this week. As part of a joint venture with Zhangjiakou City Transport Construction, the company is aiming to scale up to an electrolyzer capacity of 60 MW over the next two years – the first 20 MW phase took 13 months to complete.

According to a report by the China Hydrogen Alliance in May, the proportion of hydrogen energy in the country’s energy mix is expected to increase from about 3% in 2018 – largely from oil refining and ammonia production – to 20% by 2060. Already, 23 provinces and municipalities have issued hydrogen roadmaps, with a mid- and long-term National plan set to be published in the near future. Shell has said at the start of this year that China needs to raise hydrogen’s share in final energy consumption to 16% by 2060 to meet its net zero goals.

Shell said that the hydrogen will be primarily used in heavy industry, agricultural machinery, heavy-duty road transport, short-haul aviation and shipping, with more than 85% to be ‘green’ hydrogen produced using renewable and nuclear electricity. Hydrogen produced from coal and gas in 2060 will be relatively limited and fitted with CCUS, it added.

Last week, Rethink Energy detailed the rapid acceleration of China’s fuel cell market – with production growing 48% through 2021 and production capacity growing five-fold. Top solar manufacturers in China are also targeting the hydrogen industry, with LONGi planning to build 1.5 GW of production capacity of electrolyzers by the end of 2022, up from 500 megawatts in 2021.  

China, weiß man eigentlich, ob Ballard-Partner Weichai mittlerweile am "Fließband" Stacks mit Ballard-Technologie produziert oder ob da noch etwas hakt und falls etwas hakt, was hakt? Ich hatte dazu nichts mehr gefunden, war aber auch das letzte halbe Jahr nicht auf Ballard fokussiert ...  

Man weiß und hört nichts. Entweder ist BP in China aus dem Rennen (der Chinamann hat mal wieder Wissen/Technik über den Umweg Weichai geklaut) oder das Projekt ist aus anderen Gründen geschoben.

Man bekommt von Ballard auch keine Information wegen der angekündigten Aufstockung der Produktion. Mir gefällt der Laden nicht mehr. Q4-Zahlen etwa Mitte März warte ich noch ab.  

Der chart zeit Richtung 5 Euro. Wer hätte das gedacht...vor Wochen wurde ich für die Kurse noch belächelt.. was hoch steigt fällt auch tief, nichts nachhaltiges  hier.  Zocken, mehr is nicht.

Meine bescheidene Meinung.  

immer der selbe Spruch..  xD  

...so ist es. Sie möchte einfach nur Frust ablassen.
Sie hat mal ganz kräftig in Wirecard investiert und den ZONK bekommen.    Muhhaaaa...

Lest mal ihren Post vom  aktienmädel: Kauuf626.02.20 10:48

Danach sah ihr Depot aus wie Dresden 1945. ;-)  

the Beijing Winter Olympics
https://www.seetao.com/details/136643.html  

https://twitter.com/LAWGUIMANAB/status/...90?cxt=HHwWlIDS-YvU0a4pAAAA
More than 1,000 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles shuttled and served at the Beijing Winter Olympics venues. What a spectacular scene!

"According to the data of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee, this Winter Olympics will demonstrate and operate more than 1,000 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and more than 30 hydrogen refueling stations. The models include hydrogen fuel cell buses, hydrogen fuel cell cars, and hydrogen fuel cell special vehicles. Such as snow wax car, etc. Among them, the snow wax car is a special support vehicle for waxing the skateboards of skiers, and it can be started normally at -34 °C." Mao Zongqiang, professor of the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University and vice chairman of the International Hydrogen Energy Association introduce.

More than 1,000 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles participated in transportation service guarantee. At the Beijing Olympics 14 years ago, that number was 3. At the same time, this also means that the world's largest demonstration operation of fuel cell vehicles is taking place at the Beijing Winter Olympics. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics may become a "watershed" for the accelerated implementation of hydrogen energy in China.

Car companies compete for hydrogen strength

As a subdivision of new energy vehicles, the first choice for the application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is the commercial field. It is understood that the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles serving this Winter Olympics are mainly passenger cars, with a total of 816 passenger cars. The brands include Foton, Yutong, Zhongtong, Geely, etc. It can be said that it is a comprehensive demonstration of the "hydrogen" strength of car companies. .

Liu Jihong, vice president of research and development of Foton Motor's Ouhui Bus Division and dean of the Technology Research Institute, said that Ouhui has provided 515 hydrogen-fueled buses for the Winter Olympics (260 in the Yanqing competition area in Beijing, 35 in the Beijing competition area, and Zhangjiakou). 220 vehicles in the competition area), accounting for 63% of the overall hydrogen fuel passenger vehicle guarantee models, including 40 remodeled welfare vehicles to serve passengers with limited mobility. This also set a record for the largest scale and the largest number of models in the history of hydrogen fuel bus service in an international sports event.

In terms of long-distance vehicles, a total of 80 Geely Interstellar hydrogen fuel cell city buses C12F provided race services in the Chongli competition area of Zhangjiakou. To this end, Geely Interstellar has equipped a full-time support team composed of R&D engineers, service engineers, and supplier engineers, etc., and at the same time provides sufficient reserves of common parts, wearing parts, and self-made parts to ensure the smooth progress of vehicle operation and services.

As a global partner of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, as well as an early layout and the first car company to mass-produce hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, Toyota provided 107 Costa hydrogen-powered minibuses for this Winter Olympics. It is reported that the Costa Hydrogen Engine is specially developed for the Beijing Winter Olympics and Paralympic Games. It is developed by Toyota's R&D center in China and produced in Sichuan FAW Toyota.

Toyota also provided 140 second-generation MIRAI hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which are the main brand of hydrogen fuel cell cars put into operation at this Winter Olympics. This is also the first time that the second-generation MIRAI has been put into large-scale use in China.

It is worth mentioning that among the 515 hydrogen fuel buses of Ouhui Bus, a total of 212 are equipped with the Toyota hydrogen fuel cell system, which is also the result of the tripartite cooperation between Toyota, BAIC Group and Yihuatong.

Among the more than 1,000 hydrogen fuel cell race vehicles, logistics vehicles and special vehicles are also included. For example, the 4.5T hydrogen fuel cell light truck logistics vehicle specially customized by Zhilan Automobile for the Winter Olympics, and the first Yellow River hydrogen fuel cell snow wax vehicle with completely independent intellectual property rights provided by Sinotruk.

challenge

During the Beijing Winter Olympics, according to the plan, the Beijing competition area is located in the plains and mainly uses pure electric and natural gas vehicles; the Yanqing and Zhangjiakou competition areas are dominated by hydrogen energy vehicles, mainly to meet the needs of mountainous areas.

The relevant person in charge of Yutong Bus said that the main challenge for the large-scale "competition" of hydrogen fuel vehicles in the Winter Olympics comes from ensuring the stability of vehicle operation.

He further introduced that the task of vehicle service guarantee for world-class events such as the Winter Olympics is usually extremely difficult, and hydrogen fuel buses can be said to be "novice" in this service guarantee. On the one hand, the low temperature around the Winter Olympics has added difficulties to the stability of the vehicle's operation. How to ensure the stable and reliable performance of the vehicle in the low temperature environment is a challenge for the service guarantee team. On the other hand, the operation of hydrogen-fueled buses has high requirements on related supporting facilities such as hydrogen stacks, hydrogen refueling stations, and vehicle accessories, and they all need to be fully prepared.

Mao Zongqiang said that in comparison, the severe cold and low temperature in Zhangjiakou is a major test for lithium battery vehicles, but it is "completely insignificant" for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that can start normally at minus 30-40 degrees. The main challenge for hydrogen fuel vehicles to serve the Winter Olympics on a large scale is "the unprecedented organization of large-scale hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the world and the unprecedented epidemic prevention and control". This challenge includes not only the hydrogenation, operation, deployment, and maintenance of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, but also the epidemic prevention of vehicles, operation and maintenance personnel, and passengers.

More than 30 hydrogen refueling stations ensure safe supply

In order to ensure the safe and stable supply of hydrogen energy, there are more than 30 hydrogen refueling stations in the demonstration operation of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.

Since 2021, hydrogen refueling stations serving the Winter Olympics have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain. For example, PetroChina's Hebei Taizicheng Hydrogen Refueling Station, Beijing Futian Hydrogen Refueling Station, Beijing Jinlong Comprehensive Energy Service Station and Hebei Chongli North Oil and Hydrogen Joint Construction Station have four hydrogen refueling stations; Sinopec's Beijing Qingyuan Street Hydrogen Refueling Station , Beijing Wangquanying hydrogen refueling station, Beijing Yanhua Xinglong oil-hydrogen joint construction station, Hebei Chongli Xiwanzi hydrogen refueling station; National Energy Group's first 70 MPa integrated mobile hydrogen refueling station that meets the national standard requirements and explosion-proof certification of hydrogen refueling stations The station was delivered and put into use at Hebei Wanquan Oil Hydrogen Power Comprehensive Energy Station.

On December 27, 2021, the first batch of 390 kilograms of hydrogen fuel independently produced by PetroChina Huabei Petrochemical Company was officially launched at its own hydrogen refueling station; since March 2020, Sinopec Yanshan Petrochemical Beijing Winter Olympics hydrogen new energy supply project Since it was completed and put into operation, Yanshan Petrochemical has supplied over 260 tons of high-purity hydrogen to Beijing and surrounding markets to support the Green Winter Olympics.

On January 28, the Zhangjiakou Green Hydrogen Energy Integration Demonstration Base project was launched, and green hydrogen production began. The project is one of the largest electrolyzed water hydrogen production devices in the world, and will provide about 50% of the green hydrogen supply for hydrogen fuel vehicles in the Zhangjiakou competition area during the Winter Olympics.

Green Winter Olympics Technology Winter Olympics

With the opportunity of the Winter Olympics, hydrogen energy vehicles will be understood and recognized by more consumers. In fact, under the continuous assistance of favorable policies and the promotion of the "dual carbon" goal, the hydrogen energy industry has already ushered in a development boom and has become a new outlet.

In March 2021, hydrogen energy was officially included in the draft outline of the "14th Five-Year Plan"; Infrastructure construction to promote the diversified utilization of hydrogen energy.

By the end of 2021, 16 provinces and cities including Beijing, Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Sichuan, Zhejiang, and Ningxia have formulated hydrogen energy development plans. On December 28, 2021, the Ministry of Finance and other five departments issued the "Notice on Launching a New Batch of Demonstration Application Work for Fuel Cell Vehicles", and the two urban agglomerations of Hebei and Henan were officially approved. In 2022, a total of five urban agglomerations will officially open the curtain of my country's fuel cell demonstration applications.

"Beijing Winter Olympics is the first world-class event held in my country after the start of the 14th Five-Year Plan and in the context of dual carbon, which is of great significance. To hold the Olympics in a green way, we must adhere to ecological priority, resource conservation, and environmental friendliness, so as to provide the best for the winter. The Olympic Games has laid a beautiful background for China." The relevant person in charge of Yutong Bus introduced.

He further stated that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles not only have the advantages of long battery life and fast fuel refilling, but also the environmental protection characteristics of pure electric vehicles; they have the characteristics of zero emission, long battery life and high convenience, and are the ultimate development direction of new energy vehicles. . The hydrogen fuel bus service for the Winter Olympics responds to the call of the country's "dual carbon" strategy, and is also a perfect interpretation of the green and technological Winter Olympics.

"The success of the large-scale application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the Winter Olympics also heralds the bright future of my country's national-level hydrogen fuel cell city demonstration cluster project." Mao Zongqiang said, combined with the Tokyo Olympics' hydrogen energy display in summer, the Beijing Winter Olympics The successful demonstration in the cold winter will increase the world's new understanding of hydrogen energy and help promote the development of the hydrogen energy industry.

Travel services will continue to be provided in the future

Where will such a large number of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles go after the Winter Olympics? Liu Jihong introduced that after the Ouhui hydrogen fuel bus service for the Winter Olympics, it will continue to provide the public with a safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly travel experience through various passenger service provider systems such as Beijing Public Transport and Zhangjiakou Bus. Next, the popularization of hydrogen-fueled buses will surely accelerate, gradually becoming the main choice for long-distance public transportation in suburban cities and long-range intercity buses. In the future, with the further improvement of the hydrogen energy industry chain, hydrogen fueled buses will be expanded to more fields with the advantages of safety, comfort and low carbon.

Cui Dongshu, secretary general of the National Passenger Vehicle Market Information Joint Association, pointed out that the large-scale operation of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles during the Winter Olympics is mainly to accumulate research and development experience for enterprises and industries, and to support the follow-up research and development and demonstration operations of the industry. The main challenge is how to expand the use of the product.

He further said that the main application scenarios of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are public transportation, fixed-line buses and logistics transportation, etc., lack of market expansion opportunities, to avoid going to the pure electric bus "with subsidies, there will be a market, without subsidies, it will shrink day by day". situation.

start a new stage of development

"From 3 hydrogen fuel cell buses in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, to 196 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, and then to the demonstration operation of thousands of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, it shows that China's hydrogen The development speed of energy and the determination of the Chinese government to carry out the energy revolution and reduce carbon dioxide emissions." Mao Zongqiang said.

According to the "China Hydrogen Energy Industry Development Report 2020", the number of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China will increase from 7,352 in 2020 to 100,000 in 2025. By 2025, the market size of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is expected to reach 80 billion yuan.

The industry believes that hydrogen energy, as a clean and zero-carbon secondary energy, will play an important role in the future energy transformation and will undertake the mission of helping to achieve the "dual carbon" goal. The development stage of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is similar to that of pure electric vehicles in 2010. At the technical level, priority should be given to the promotion of commercial vehicles, and the promotion and application of commercial vehicles will further drive the large-scale application in the field of passenger vehicles. In the next five years The expected compound annual growth rate of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is expected to reach 68%. Taking the Green Winter Olympics as an opportunity, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle industry will enter a new stage of development. Editor/He Yuting

 

https://twitter.com/XCHGroup/status/...97568?cxt=HHwWgICqqaHy1K8pAAAA

Es können ja nur mehr werden...

 

Future Proof Shipping joins European Flagships project to deploy hydrogen vessels
By Molly Burgess on Feb 08, 2022
https://www.h2-view.com/story/...-project-to-deploy-hydrogen-vessels/

...Having now added FPS’ Waal hydrogen-fuelled vessel to the project, which should be sailing on green hydrogen next summer (2023), Flagships is now so much closer to achieving its previously laid out goal.

To meet the above deadline, FPS has said it will now work with fuel cell company Ballard Europe, ship design company LMG Marin and project coordinators VVT.

Eager to begin works, Richard Klatten, CEO of FPS, said, “We are deploying our second zero-emissions vessel here to help decarbonise this busy stretch of 240km inland waterway. This route is longer and has significantly higher and varying power demands than the route for the FPS Maas, pushing this project team to elevate their innovation efforts considerably.

“These are new challenges that we are ready to take on together with the Flagships team to blaze a new trail towards zero-emissions inland shipping for all.”
...  

https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/...d-while-liebherr-joins-consortium/
byfuelcellworks, January 28, 2022

Hydra's FCEV mining truck stationary powertrain prototype completed while Liebherr joins consortium

"Specifically it has a Ballard FCmove TM-HD fuell cell and a Hexagon Purus type IV H2 storage system."

...By 2023, the proof of concept will be carried out.....By 2025 the consortium expects to scale the solution from mining trucks to to hydrogen by shifting an entire fleet of trucks at a specific mine site.  

Oder sehe ich da was falsch??

https://www.investegate.co.uk/...c-collaboration/202202090700070869B/

Ceres steigt über 20 % mit der Verkündung siehe oben
Und da wird weichei genannt.

Da scheint ballard bei weichei keine Rolle mehr zu spielen???  

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/...GcyUbo4eAqWy1dg61Hrfakd4oqnt_dAHWaT  

was weichai angeht. auffällig ist, dass die börsenbewertung von weichai selbst nicht den unternehmenswert inklusive der beteiligungen (kion, ceres, ballard, & andere) wiedergibt.

Sicher ist jedoch und das geht aus einer funding transaction im Januar 2021 zurück, dass weichai die komplette wertschöpfungskette im H2 bereich abbilden möchte. deshalb die investitionen in ballard und ceres. Letztere ist wohl im solid oxide fuel cell bereich. bitte korrigieren, wenn falsch informiert.

https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/...021011000017.pdf
Ausschnitt seite 41 von 141
...1. Fully cultivating new growth poles and accelerating the implementation of
strategies regarding new business formats
In recent years, the Company has proactively fostered strategic
transformation and structural adjustment, and accelerated the cultivation of new
business formats including fuel cell, high-end hydraulic and large-scale CVT, which
have already completed product research and development and been proved
effective by the market. During the period of the “14th Five-Year Plan”, the
Company will optimise the business structure comprehensively to accelerate the
implementation of strategies with regard to new business formats.

The Company has completed the core technology layout of hydrogen-fueled
cell and solid oxide fuel cell in the new energy powertrain segment, with leading
key technology indicators in segments of commercial vehicles, energy and
electricity in the world. RMB2 billion of the proceeds from the Non-public Issuance
of A Shares will be applied to accelerate the enhancement of research and
development and manufacturing capabilities of the fuel cell industry chain, so as to
establish differentiated technological advantages based on the technological route
of “three verticals and three horizontals” for new energy vehicles; and to create a
world-leading fuel cell industry chain base in pursuit of the goals of “CO2 Emission
Peak” by 2030 and “Carbon Neutrality” by 2060, in order to take lead in the
development of the global new energy industry.
...  

zuvor ein bisschen zu stöbern. es gibt ausführungen zu den bestrebungen von weichai und den vorgaben der regierung für die new energy vehicles

zum beispiel seite 70 von 141
In the 2021-2035 Development Plan for New Energy Vehicles (2021-2035), it is proposed that the proportion of new or revamped energy
vehicles with new or renewal licences in the public areas of key regions shall be not
less than 80% commencing from 2021; sales of new energy vehicles shall account for
about 20% of total sales in 2025; and pure electric vehicles shall become the
mainstream of the sales of new vehicles in 2035, such that electric vehicles will be
used in all public areas and the full commercialisation of fuel cell vehicles can be
attained. Given the enormous market potential of new energy powertrain business
in the future, such forward-looking deployment will help the Company seize
industry opportunities.
...
New energy development strategies are the strategic goals of the Company’s
long-term development
It is proposed in the 2020-2030 strategies of Weichai Power that “Weichai
Power’s new energy business shall lead the global industry development by 2030”.
In order to become the world’s leading provider of new energy power system
solutions with core technologies, Weichai Power needs to expedite its investment in
research and development and the construction of production facilities for new
energy products. New energy industrialisation is the industrial foundation to
accelerate the development of new energy products and the implementation of
industrialisation. Currently, being the largest shareholder of Ballard Power Systems
Inc., a global leader in hydrogen-fueled cell business based in Canada, and the
largest shareholder of Ceres Power Holdings plc., a global leader in solid oxide fuel
cell technology based in the United Kingdom, Weichai Power possesses abundant
research and development resources, and has gradually mastered the key and core
technologies of new energy. The implementation of this project will be conductive to
the new energy industrialisation and establishment of a world-class new energy
technology chain and an industrial chain, thereby driving the development of the
Company’s new energy business.
...  

By ZHENG XIN  CHINA DAILY  Updated 2022-02-09 07:37
https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202202/09/...8a310cdd39bc85722_1.html

Concerted effort made to develop related technology for a greener future

Energy transition reached a new level as environmentally friendly hydrogen was used to power the torch that lit the cauldron at the Beijing Winter Olympics opening ceremony.

It was the first time in Olympic history that a zero-emissions torch had been used for such an occasion.

As cauldrons used for previous Olympics consumed thousands of cubic meters of natural gas per hour, the use of hydrogen avoids substantial carbon emissions. Suppliers used to transport gas day and night to ensure sufficient fuel for the cauldron.

The hydrogen used to light the Winter Olympics flame in Beijing was supplied by China Petroleum and Chemical Corp, or Sinopec, the world's largest refiner by volume.

The company is to build a hydrogen processing unit at its Yanshan petrochemicals complex in the Chinese capital to ensure a sufficient supply of the clean fuel.

The nation has accelerated expansion of its hydrogen energy industry in recent years as it races toward a carbon neutral goal, with investment in the sector continuing to grow, according to experts.

A recently released report by global energy giant Royal Dutch Shell said the nation is making a concerted push to develop hydrogen technology and infrastructure, especially in industries such as heavy-duty road transportation, shipping and aviation, as well as steel and chemicals.

Industries that currently rely on fossil fuels, with few clean energy alternatives, need to transition to new lower-carbon energy sources, and hydrogen will play an important role in meeting such needs, the report said.

According to S&P Global Platts Analytics, the introduction of hydrogen to such industries is especially necessary, as China produces more than half the world's steel and cement, and use of the gas can significantly reduce related emissions.

For example, using hydrogen to manufacture steel can reduce total global carbon emissions by about 8 percent. The steel industry has come under increasing scrutiny due to its reliance on carbon-intensive fossil fuels.